{"id":4811,"date":"2022-10-26T03:51:02","date_gmt":"2022-10-26T03:51:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/?p=4811"},"modified":"2022-10-26T04:37:22","modified_gmt":"2022-10-26T04:37:22","slug":"%e0%a6%b6%e0%a6%ae%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%ad%e0%a7%82%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a5-%e0%a6%a6%e0%a7%87-%e0%a7%a7-%e0%a6%ab%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%ac%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%81%e0%a7%9f%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%bf","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/%e0%a6%b6%e0%a6%ae%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%ad%e0%a7%82%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a5-%e0%a6%a6%e0%a7%87-%e0%a7%a7-%e0%a6%ab%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%ac%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%81%e0%a7%9f%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%bf\/","title":{"rendered":"\u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5 \u09a6\u09c7 (\u09e7 \u09ab\u09c7\u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u09bf, \u09e7\u09ef\u09e7\u09eb \u2013 \u09e7\u09eb \u098f\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b2, \u09e7\u09ef\u09ee\u09eb) \u099c\u09df\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ad\u099f\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

\u09e7\u09ef\u09ed\u09ee \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ea\u09e9\u09a4\u09ae \u09a8\u09cb\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2 \u09b8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09cb\u09b8\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u0995\u09b9\u09cb\u09ae\u09c7 \u2013 \u0986\u0997\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ec \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09e7\u09e7 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u0996\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb-\u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09b8\u09b0 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09cd\u09af\u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be (WHO)\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09b8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09cb\u09b8\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df Cholera and related diarrheas : molecular aspects of a global health problem : [proceedings of the] 43rd Nobel Symposium<\/em> (\u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8\u09be\u0983 \u00d6rjan Ouchterlony \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/em> Jan Holmgren)\u0964<\/em> \u098f\u0987<\/em> \u09ac\u0987\u09df\u09c7<\/em> \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5<\/em> \u09a6\u09c7\u09b0<\/em> \u0985\u09ac\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/em> \u0995\u09a5\u09be<\/em> \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996<\/em> \u0995\u09b0\u09be<\/em> \u09b9\u09df<\/em>\u0964<\/em> \u098f\u09b0\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7<\/em> \u09a8\u09c7\u099a\u09be\u09b0<\/em> \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09cd\u09af<\/em> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7<\/em> \u09e8\u09e7<\/em> \u09b8\u09c7\u09aa\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0<\/em>, \u09e7\u09ef\u09ed\u09ee<\/em> \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7<\/em> \u098f\u0987<\/em> \u09ac\u0987\u09df\u09c7\u09b0<\/em> \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf<\/em> \u09b0\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u0989<\/em> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4<\/em> \u09b9\u09df<\/em>\u0964<\/em> \u09b0\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u0989\u09df\u09c7<\/em> \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be<\/em> \u09b9\u09df<\/em> \u2013 \u201cParticipants were reminded of how far we have come in a short time by the presence of one of the Indian investigators, S. N. De (Calcutta), who in the late 1950s first showed that the symptoms of cholera could be produced in laboratory models by cell-free products of the cholera vibrio.\u201d (\u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e7\u09ed\u09e9) \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u098f \u098f\u0995 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u0964<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

(\u098f \u09a1\u09be\u09df\u09be\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df \u0995\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u099f\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u09a8 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09c7\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cb\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u099c\u09b2 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u09df \u2013 \u0989\u0987\u0995\u09bf\u09aa\u09bf\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be)<\/p>\n

\u098f\u0995\u099c\u09a8 \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a4\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09be \u0987\u09a8\u09ab\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8 \u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f \u0987\u0989\u099c\u09bf\u09a8 \u0997\u09be\u09b0\u09ab\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09a1 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u201cMapping Cholera Research and the Impact of Sambhu Nath De of Calcutta\u201d \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 (Current Comments<\/em>, Number 14, April 1986) \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u2013 \u201cDe and colleagues also published highly cited pioneering studies on V. cholerae <\/em>action on the intestinal membrane. The 1953 paper \u201cAn experimental study of the mechanism of action of Vibrio cholerae <\/em>on the intestinal mucous membrane\u201d is De\u2019s most-cited paper, cited 340 times since its publication. De passed away just before we wrote to ask him for a Citation Classic@ <\/em>commentary.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u0996 \u09af\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a5\u09c7\u09ae\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 (\u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b0 \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0) \u09b8\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5 \u09a6\u09c7-\u09b0 \u09af\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u2013 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0 \u09a7\u09be\u09aa\u09c7 \u098f\u0997\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u0964 \u09e7\u09ef\u09eb\u09e9 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cb\u09ac\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology<\/em>-\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c7\u09aa\u09be\u09b0 \u201cAn experimental study of the mechanism of action of V. cholerae<\/em> on the intestinal mucous membrane\u201d-\u098f \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09af\u09c7 \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b0 \u09b6\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u0983\u09b8\u09c3\u09a4 \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09cb\u099f\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u09a8 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c0\u09b0 \u09a1\u09be\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0<\/em> \u098f\u0987<\/em> \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/em> \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf<\/em> \u09ac\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c3\u09a4\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7<\/em> \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be<\/em> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8<\/em> \u0995\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7<\/em> \u0996\u09b0\u0997\u09cb\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0<\/em> \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0<\/em> \u0993\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7<\/em> \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0<\/em> \u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be<\/em> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8<\/em> \u2013 \u201cRabbits weighing 1200-1500 g. were not allowed food or water for twenty-four hours. With aseptic precautions and local procaine awsthesia, a midline incision about two inches long was then made just below the middle of the abdomen, which was opened by cutting through the muscles and peritoneum. A segment of small intestine taken midway between its upper and lower ends was isolated with two silk ligatures; blood vessels were carefully avoided.\u201d \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf \u09aa\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u0997\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u09c0\u09a4 \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac\u09a4 \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09a5\u09bf\u0995\u09c3\u09ce\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09c7\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u2013 \u201cThese results suggest that Vibrio cholerae <\/em>alters the permeability of intestinal capillaries to proteins.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u0987\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09a8 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09b2 \u0985\u09ab \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099a<\/em>-\u098f (\u09ab\u09c7\u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u09bf, \u09e8\u09e6\u09e7\u09e7) \u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099f \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c7\u09aa\u09be\u09b0 (\u201cA De in the life of cholera\u201d) \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u2013 \u201cfundamental misconception in cholera pathogenesis was swept away when S.N. De used ligated loops of rabbit ileum to demonstrate lumenal fluid accumulation in the presence of Vibrio cholerae<\/em> culture filtrates … The discovery was not so much ahead of its time as desperately awaited, but still De\u2019s new model of pathogenesis had surprisingly little immediate impact. After a lag period of several years it was accepted, and a fresh generation of investigators boosted cholera from scientific obscurity to paradigm status.\u201d<\/h3>\n

\u09e9\u09e6 \u09ae\u09c7, \u09e7\u09ef\u09eb\u09ef-\u098f \u09a8\u09c7\u099a\u09be\u09b0<\/em>-\u098f \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u201cEnterotoxicity of Bacteria-free Culture-filtrate of Vibrio cholerae<\/em>\u201d \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4<\/em> \u09b9\u09df<\/em>\u0964<\/em> \u098f<\/em> \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/em> \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf<\/em> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8<\/em> \u2013 \u201cTwo Ogawa strains of V. cholerae<\/em> maintained for six months in the laboratory by fortnightly subculture on agar slopes, and two Inaba strains maintained similarly for about eighteen months have been used for this study.\u201d (\u09a8\u09c7\u099a\u09be\u09b0<\/em>, \u09e9\u09e6 \u09ae\u09c7, \u09e7\u09ef\u09eb\u09ef, \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e7\u09eb\u09e9\u09e9-\u09e7\u09eb\u09e9\u09ea) \u098f\u09b0\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b0\u09c7\u099f\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0987\u0981\u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0993\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u099f\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09be\u0999\u09cd\u0997 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09c8\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b2\u09bf\u09aa\u09bf\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/p>\n

WHO-\u09b0<\/em> \u09ac\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7\u099f\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7<\/em> (Bull World Health Organ <\/em>2010; 88: 237\u2013240) \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u0995<\/em> \u09aa\u09c7\u09aa\u09be\u09b0<\/em> (\u201cFrom endotoxin to exotoxin: De\u2019s rich legacy to cholera\u201d) \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7<\/em> \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0<\/em> \u0995\u09be\u099c<\/em> \u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u09c0\u09a4<\/em> \u09b9\u09df<\/em>\u0964<\/em> \u098f\u0987<\/em> \u09aa\u09c7\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0<\/em> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf<\/em> \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7<\/em> \u09ac\u09b2\u09be<\/em> \u09b9\u09df<\/em> \u2013 \u201cBetween 1951 and 1959, Sambhu Nath De made crucial discoveries on the pathogenesis of cholera that changed the course of our understanding of the disease\u201d\u0964 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf\u0993<\/em> \u09a8\u09cb\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2<\/em> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0987\u099c<\/em> \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0<\/em> \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7<\/em> \u0985\u09a7\u09b0\u09be\u0987<\/em> \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7<\/em>\u0964<\/em><\/p>\n

\u09b0\u09c7\u099c\u09cb\u09a8\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8<\/em> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09b2<\/em>–\u098f<\/em> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4<\/em> \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af<\/em> \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf<\/em> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7<\/em> (\u201cLife and Work of Sambhu Nath De\u201d, \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cb\u09ac\u09b0, \u09e8\u09e6\u09e7\u09e8) \u09a6\u09c1\u2019\u099c\u09a8 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u0995 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u2013 \u201cDe began his studies on the remarkable pathological changes in the kidneys in cholera cases which showed renal shunt mechanism in operation \u2013 a feature of many other toxic conditions. He published a number of papers on this topic between 1950 and 1955.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u099f\u09be \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 Dr. B. C. Roy Memorial Oration-\u098f (\u201cCholera Exotoxin \u2013 a delayed discovery\u201d, \u09ae\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u0985\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4) \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u2013 \u201cVibrio cholera <\/em>has now been promoted to the rank of few exotoxin producing bacteria. However, diphtheria exotoxin was discovered within four years of the discovery of the bacillus, tetanus exotoxin within six years and botulism toxin at the same time as the organism. It has taken seventy five years for cholera exotoxin to be discovered in 1959 after the organism was discovered by Robert Koch in 1884…\u201d<\/p>\n

\u09a8\u09cb\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2\u099c\u09df\u09c0 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c0 \u099c\u09cb\u09b6\u09c1\u09df\u09be \u09b2\u09c7\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0997 \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u09ae \u09a8\u09cb\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2 \u0995\u09ae\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c1\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09b2\u09c7\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0997 \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09a8\u09c0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u201ciconoclastic creativity, experimental skill, and observational mastery\u201d \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f \u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8<\/em> \u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be \u09e7\u09ef\u09ef\u09e6 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 (\u09ad\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09ae \u09eb\u09ef, \u09e7\u09e9-\u09e7\u09ea \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be, \u09e8\u09eb \u099c\u09c1\u09b2\u09be\u0987, \u09e7\u09ef\u09ef\u09e6) \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 (\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 Supplement to Current Science \u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7 \u09ac\u0987 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df) \u09b8\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b2\u09c7\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b6\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u0987 \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09b0 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09b0 \u09aa\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7 \u09af\u09a5\u09c7\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u2013 \u201cS. N. De \u2013 Regicide of Reigning Dogma\u201d (\u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09ec\u09e8\u09ee-\u09ec\u09e8\u09ef)\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09c7 \u09b2\u09c7\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0997 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u2013 \u201cCan we but still find a still deeper theoretical foundation for logical argument and expression in our arena of research?\u201d (\u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09ec\u09e8\u09ef) \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09df\u09cb\u09b2\u099c\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09c7 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u0997\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09b2\u09c7\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0997\u0964<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f \u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8<\/em>-\u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c0 W. E. van Heyningen \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09c7\u09a8 \u201cThe Berlin Cholera Conferences of 1984 and 1985\u201d (\u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09ec\u09eb\u09e6-\u09ec\u09eb\u09e8)\u0964 \u098f \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u2013 \u201c\u0985\u09ac\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09c7, \u09e7\u09ee\u09eb\u09ef \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7, \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac \u099a\u09c7\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u098f\u09b2, \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u099f\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09ae\u09df\u0995\u09b0 \u09a8\u09df \u09af\u09c7 \u098f \u0998\u099f\u09a8\u09be \u0998\u099f\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09df, \u09af\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4 \u099a\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be \u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u0964\u201d (\u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09ec\u09eb\u09e8) \u098f\u09b0\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u2013 \u201cHis short letter to Nature <\/em>(1959) 183, 1533, on \u2018Enterotoxicity of bacteria-free culture of filtrate of Vibrio cholerae<\/em>\u2019 is a classic of medical and biochemical history.\u201d (\u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09ec\u09eb\u09e8)<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u09e7\u09ef\u09ee\u09e9 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 (\u09e8\u09e6\u09e7\u09ee \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c1\u09a8\u0983\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4) W. E. van Heyningen \u098f\u09ac\u0982 John R. Seal-\u098f\u09b0 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09b8\u09c1\u09ac\u09bf\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a4 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5 CHOLERA: The American Scientific Experience, 1947-1980<\/em>\u2013\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u2013 \u201cin 1959, S. N. De of Calcutta very clearly demonstrated the existence in cholera culture filtrates of an exotoxin that mimicked the symptom of cholera that was responsible for all the ill effects of the disease, namely, the outpouring of fluid into the gut. In other words, cholera, like diphtheria and tetanus, was an exotoxinosis. But the significance of De’s discovery was not immediately grasped, and his historical paper went unnoticed for some years, even,<\/p>\n

apparently, in the PSCRL (Patient Security Category Review List).\u201d (\u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e7\u09ec\u09ef)<\/p>\n

\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f<\/em> \u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8<\/em>-\u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df \u0986\u09b0\u09c7\u0995\u099c\u09a8 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u099c\u09cd\u099e \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c0 Joh p. Craig \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u201cS. N.De \u2013 An Appreciation\u201d \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09c7\u09a8 \u2013 \u201c\u098f\u09b8 \u098f\u09a8 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u09af\u09c7 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf toxinosis \u09b9\u09b2 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u099a\u09be\u09ac\u09bf \u09af\u09be \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a5\u099c\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b8\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 cellular and molecular events-\u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u0997\u09a4\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0989\u09aa\u09b2\u09ac\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a6\u09b0\u099c\u09be \u0996\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 … De not only developed and perfected the model, he also used it and described it with such patient and painstaking skill that his colleagues throughout the world could continue the work he began with confidence and satisfaction.\u201d (\u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09ec\u09e9\u09ed)<\/p>\n

\u09e9\u09e7 \u09ae\u09c7, \u09e7\u09ef\u09ed\u09ed \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 W. E. van Heyningen (\u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09ab\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u0989\u0987\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae \u09a1\u09be\u09a8 \u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09c1\u09b2 \u0985\u09ab \u09aa\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a5\u09cb\u09b2\u099c\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b0\u09bf\u09a1\u09be\u09b0) \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u099a\u09bf\u09a0\u09bf \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u098f\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u2013 (\u09e7) \u201cI think your work of tremendous significance and most serious researchers on cholera throughout the world acknowledge this.\u201d, (\u09e8) \u201cIt is a great honour for me to be in correspondence with you.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09a4\u09a4\u09a6\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09a8 \u09a4\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09cd\u0997\u09c1\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09b6\u09c1\u0995\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0997\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u098f\u0987 \u099a\u09bf\u09a0\u09bf\u09b0 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u2013 \u201c\u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u0986\u09aa\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0986\u09aa\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u099f\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0993\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c7\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u0985\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u0986\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09aa\u09dc\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u098f\u0996\u09a8 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ae\u09c1\u09a6\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cb\u0995\u09be\u09a8 \u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09bf (grocery shop) \u2013 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09dc\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u09a1\u09be\u09df\u09be\u0997\u09a8\u09cb\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u0995 \u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b0\u09c7\u099f\u09b0\u09bf \u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09bf\u0964 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09a4 \u098f\u099f\u09c1\u0995\u09c1 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09be \u09af\u09c7 \u09e7\u09ef\u09ed\u09e9 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09b0\u09bf \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09b0 \u09a8\u09c7\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c3\u09a4 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ab\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4 \u099a\u09c7\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09be\u099f\u09c1\u0995\u09c1 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7 \u09b2\u09be\u0997\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u099b\u09bf\u0964\u201d \u09b9\u09c3\u09a6\u09df\u09be\u09ad\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09be \u098f \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u099d\u09c7 \u099d\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09dc\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09e8\u09e6\u09e7\u09ee \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u09ae\u098f\u09b8\u098f\u09b8 \u09ae\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09ac\u0987 \u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u2013 Sambhunath De: the Discovery of Cholera Toxin<\/em>\u0964<\/p>\n

\u09e8\u09e6\u09e7\u09e7 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u0987\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09a8<\/em> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09b2<\/em> \u0985\u09ab<\/em> \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2<\/em> \u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099a<\/em>-\u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u0995\u09df\u09c0\u09a4\u09c7 (\u201cDr Sambhu Nath De: unsung hero\u201d, Indian J Med Res<\/em> 133, February 2011, pp 127) \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u2013 \u201cDe\u2019s discovery of cholera toxin introduced a new paradigm in research on cholera. A recent search done on November 19, 2009 in the PubMed database using the keyword \u201ccholera toxin\u201d yielded a phenomenal 11,168 publications that the work of De spawned. De\u2019s work on cholera toxin has impinged into diverse areas such as cellular physiology, biochemistry and immunology.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u09e7\u09ef\u09eb\u09ef \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09a8\u09cb\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0987\u099c \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b9\u09c1\u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u099c\u0997\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u0985\u09ac\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u09a8<\/em>\u0964 <\/em>\u09e7\u09ef\u09ed\u09ee \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a8\u09cb\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2 \u09b8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09cb\u09b8\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae\u09c7 <\/em>\u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09a8 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u0964 \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u0993 \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09a6\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09c7 \u09a8\u09cb\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2 \u09b8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09cb\u09b8\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u099a\u09bf\u09a0\u09bf \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cc\u0981\u099b\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0964 <\/em>(\u0985\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4\u09be\u09ad \u09b8\u09c7\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u099c\u09b2\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09c1\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0<\/em>, \u201cLife and Work of Sambhu Nath De\u201d, Resonance<\/em>, \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cb\u09ac\u09b0 \u09e8\u09e6\u09e7\u09e8<\/em>, \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09ef\u09eb\u09e7<\/em>)<\/h5>\n
\u09a8\u09cb\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2<\/em> \u09b8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09cb\u09b8\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae\u09c7<\/em> \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0<\/em> \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0<\/em> \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7<\/em> \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5<\/em> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8<\/em> \u2013 \u201cWhen discoveries are published in scientific literature, they are presented in a form which does not tell us very much about how things really happened.\u201d (\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f<\/em> \u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8<\/em>, <\/em>\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4<\/em>, \u09aa\u09c3\u0983<\/em> \u09ec\u09ef\u09e8<\/em>)<\/h5>\n
\u09aa\u09b0\u09ae \u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7 \u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09c7<\/em> \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09ac\u09b2\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 <\/em>\u2013 \u201c\u09b8\u09ad\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09bf \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c1\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u0997<\/em>, \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u0997\u09c7<\/em>, \u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u0995\u09df\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0997\u09a4 \u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u0987\u0964 \u09e7\u09ef\u09ec\u09e6<\/em>–\u098f\u09b0 \u09a6\u09b6\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09cb\u09dc\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u09ae\u09c3\u09a4 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09be\u09ae\u0964 <\/em>Nobel Symposium Committee \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09ac\u09b0 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0996\u09c1\u0981\u09dc\u09c7 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0986\u09aa\u09a8\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09bf\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u09a6\u09c1\u2019\u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u0995\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ad\u09ac \u0995\u09b0\u099b\u09bf \u09af\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ab\u09bf\u09b0\u09c7 \u0986\u09b8\u099b\u09bf\u0964\u201d (\u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09ec\u09ef\u09eb)<\/h5>\n

\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u0995\u09a5\u09be<\/p>\n

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\u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09e8\u09e6\u09e8\u09e8-\u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ad\u09be\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09a6, \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09bf, \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u099c\u09bf\u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0-\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b8\u0982\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u098f \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u09c7 \u0996\u09c1\u09ac \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u0964<\/p>\n

\u09e8\u09e6\u09e7\u09ef \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u0987\u0989\u09a8\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u0985\u09ab \u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u0982\u099f\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09a8\u09c1 \u09b8\u09c1\u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09ae\u09cb\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u0993\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c3\u09b9\u09ce \u09aa\u09c1\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u0995 Holy Science<\/em>\u0983<\/em> The Biopolitics of Hindu Nationalism<\/em>\u0964 \u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u0982\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b9 \u09ae\u09cb\u099f \u09ee\u099f\u09bf \u0985\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09c3\u09a4 \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u0987\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u0986\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u099a\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0 \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u0964 \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u0995\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09a8 \u0995\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0998\u099f\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u2013 (\u09e7) \u201cINTRODUCTION. Avatars for Bionationalism: Tales from (An)Other Enlightenment, (\u09e8) \u201cHome and the World: The Modern Lives of the Vedic Sciences\u201d, (\u09e9) \u201cColonial Legacies, Postcolonial Biologies: The Queer Politics of (Un)Natural Sex\u201d, (\u09ea) \u201cReturn of the Native: Nation, Nature, and Postcolonial Environmentalism\u201d, (\u09eb) \u201cBiocitizenship in Neoliberal Times: On the Making of the \u201cIndian\u201d Genome\u201d, (\u09ec) \u201cConceiving a Hindu Nation: (Re)Making the Indian Womb\u201d, (\u09ed) \u201cCONCLUSION. Avatars for Dreamers: Narrative\u2019s Seductive<\/p>\n

Embrace\u201d, \u098f\u09ac\u0982 (\u09ee) \u201cEp ilogue. Finding India: The Afterlives of Colonialism\u201d\u0964<\/p>\n

\u09ac\u0987\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u099a\u09be\u09b0<\/em>-\u098f \u098f\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b0\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u0989 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 (\u09e8\u09eb \u099c\u09c1\u09b2\u09be\u0987, \u09e8\u09e6\u09e7\u09ef) \u201c\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1 \u09b0\u09be\u0987\u099c\u09bf\u0982 \u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b6\u09a8\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u099c\u09ae \u0987\u09a8 \u0987\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u201d \u09b6\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u0964 \u098f \u09b0\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u0989\u09df\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09c0 \u09b8\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09be \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u2013 \u0995\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09be\u09ac\u09c0 \u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b9\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09be\u09ac\u09c0\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u2013 \u201cAnother of Subramaniam\u2019s examples reveals that scientific and religious aims can merge, arguably more positively. The government-driven Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project, which launched in 2005, aimed to dredge a passage through limestone shoals between islands off the coasts of India and Sri Lanka. Environmental scientists who protested against the destruction of this fragile ecosystem found themselves on the same side as Hindu leaders who see the site as sacred (the shoals feature in the epic poem the Ramayana, as a bridge built by the deity Rama and his army of monkeys). Ultimately, the Archaeological Survey of India, the supreme court and the parliament were drawn into the debate. Work on the project halted in 2009.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u0995\u09b0\u099b\u09bf \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09bf\u09a4 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09c7 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3 \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c7 \u2013 \u201cIt is disconcerting to track how easily Hindu nationalists appropriate South Asian history as <\/em>Hindu history and how uncritically they embrace Western science as <\/em>Vedic science in order to forge the idea of India as a Hindu nation and a global superpower. But I do not want to cede Hinduism to Hindu nationalism. Hinduism is a heterogeneous, diverse, polyvocal, and polytheistic religion that proves to be infinitely flexible and adaptable. There is no singular fundamental text, no singular religious authority, no singular code of conduct, no singular religious ritual, no singular religious practice, no singular god. Hinduism can also be seen as an assemblage of vibrant traditions, including ones that embrace nonviolent, pluralistic thinking and an idea of India as a multireligious, secular, democratic republic.\u201d (\u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e8\u09e7\u09ec-\u09e8\u09e7\u09ed)<\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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