{"id":2370,"date":"2021-06-25T05:22:22","date_gmt":"2021-06-25T05:22:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/?p=2370"},"modified":"2021-06-25T05:36:06","modified_gmt":"2021-06-25T05:36:06","slug":"%e0%a6%89%e0%a6%aa%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%a6%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a5-%e0%a6%ac%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%b9%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%9a%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%80","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/%e0%a6%89%e0%a6%aa%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%a6%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a5-%e0%a6%ac%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%b9%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%9a%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%80\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0989\u09aa\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09be\u09a5 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09cd\u09ae\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u2013 \u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u099c\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0, \u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u09ac\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09ae\u09b0\u09a3 <br\/>   \u099c\u09df\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ad\u099f\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>(\u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u098f \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u098b\u09a3\u09c0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09df \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u0986\u09a8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6 \u09b0\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b6\u09c0\u09a4\u09b2 \u09b0\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7 \u201cBrahmachari: The Forgotten Saint of Calcutta\u201d-\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u0989\u09aa\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09be\u09a5 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09cd\u09ae\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995 \u0989\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7 \u09a7\u09b0\u09be \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u098f \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b8\u09a8 \u09a1\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09b0\u09b8 \u09a1\u09be\u09df\u09be\u09b2\u0997-\u098f \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964)<\/p>\n<p>\u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u0995 \u09b0\u09df \u09aa\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0997\u09a8\u09be\u09ae \u0993\u09aa\u09be\u09b8 \u09a6\u09cd\u09af \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u099f\u09c7\u09b8\u09cd\u099f \u09ac\u09c7\u09a8\u09bf\u09ab\u09bf\u099f \u099f\u09c1 \u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u0995\u09be\u0987\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u2013 \u201cIn many villages and clearings where the white men took his wares and weapons, he encountered ghastly unknown conditions: kala-azar, with its leprosy-like sympotoms, in India and Africa\u201d\u0964 \u09b8\u09c7\u09a4\u09cb \u09a8\u09be\u09b9\u09df \u09b9\u09b2\u0964 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0986\u09ab\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09df \u201c\u09ac\u09c0\u09ad\u09ce\u09b8 \u0985\u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0\u201d \u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09cb\u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09bf \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09b0\u09df \u09aa\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b6 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u0986\u09b0\u0993 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u2013 \u201cColonial powers, however, would see disease in one light only: an evil, an enemy, a challenge, it had to be conquered in the name of progress.\u201d \u0989\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0995 \u09b6\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1, \u098f\u0995 \u0986\u09aa\u09a6 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u0995 \u099a\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u099e\u09cd\u099c \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09a4\u09cb \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09a4\u09cb \u098f\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u0986\u09b8\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0997\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u0964 \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be, \u09b9\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0981, \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1 \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u09ad\u09c1\u09b2 \u0995\u09b0\u09ac\u09cb\u0964 \u0989\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a7\u09be\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9\u0995\u09c7\u0993 \u0986\u09aa\u09a6, \u09b6\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u099a\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u099e\u09cd\u099c \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09b9\u09df\u09a4\u09cb \u098f \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u0996 \u09ac\u09be \u09aa\u09b2 \u0986\u09b0\u09cd\u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u09ae \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09ac\u0987\u09df\u09c7 \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7\u0993 kala-azar-\u098f\u09b0 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u09dc\u09a8 \u09ab\u09c7\u09b2\u09be \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be \u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be \u098f\u09b0 \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09be \u0989\u09aa\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09be\u09a5 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09cd\u09ae\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09cb\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09a8\u09bf\u0964 <\/p>\n<p>\u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u098f \u09a8\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u09a6\u09c0\u09b0\u09cd\u0998 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u09b8\u09cd\u09ae\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09ae\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u099a\u09b2\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be (collective amnesia) \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u0995-\u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u0995 \u0989\u09aa\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09be\u09a5 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09cd\u09ae\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u0981\u0995 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1200\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2373\" srcset=\"https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula-650x650.jpg 650w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula-250x250.jpg 250w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula-50x50.jpg 50w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula-100x100.jpg 100w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula-350x350.jpg 350w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula-450x450.jpg 450w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula-550x550.jpg 550w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula-800x800.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u0995, \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u0995, \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09a4\u09a5\u09be \u09b8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09be\u09a5 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09cd\u09ae\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 (\u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09ae \u2013 \u09ed \u099c\u09c1\u09a8, \u09e7\u09ee\u09ed\u09e9\u0964 \u09ae\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09c1 \u2013 \u09ec \u09ab\u09c7\u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u09bf, \u09e7\u09ef\u09ea\u09ec) \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09b2 \u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09c7\u099f-\u098f \u201c\u0985\u09ac\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u201d \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u0997\u09c7 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u2013 \u201cBy the death of Sir Upendrnath Brahmachari in Calcutta on Feb. 6, India has lost one her outstanding figures. He was not only a distinguished Indian physician \u2013 perhaps the most distinguished of his day \u2013 but also a research worker of unusual merit.\u201d \u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09c7\u099f \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09b2 \u09ac\u09c1\u099d\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c7\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7 \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099c\u09a8 \u0985\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u0995\u0995\u09c7 \u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u09a8\u09df, \u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099c\u09a8 \u0985\u09a8\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0989\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09ae\u09c7\u09a7\u09be\u09b0 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u0995\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2 \u2013 \u201cHis early researches on antileishmanial drugs, which culminated in his preparation of urea stibamine, were financed by the Indian Research Fund Association.\u201d \u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09a6\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u2013 \u201cIf all distinguished Indians, and for that matter all British officials, had shared his liberal outlook, many of the difficulties India face today would have been resolved.\u201d \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce, \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u0997\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09c7\u09ac\u09b2 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09df\u0987 \u09a8\u09df, \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b6 \u0985\u09ab\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0\u09be\u0993 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a6\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09ad\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c0\u09b0 \u0985\u0982\u09b6\u09c0\u09a6\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0\u0987 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ab\u09c7\u09b2\u09be \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac \u09b9\u09a4\u0964<br \/>\n\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09a4, \u09e7\u09ee\u09e8\u09e9 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09ae \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09c7\u099f \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a4\u09be \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u0995 \u099f\u09ae\u09be\u09b8 \u0993\u09df\u09be\u0995\u09b2\u09c7-\u09b0 \u09b0\u200d\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b8 \u0993 \u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09ab\u09b2\u09a8 \u0998\u099f\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u099f \u09ab\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09b0 \u09ec\u09e6-\u098f\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0964 \u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09c7\u099f-\u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09df \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 (\u0985\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cb\u09ac\u09b0 \u09eb, \u09e7\u09ee\u09e8\u09e9) \u2013 \u201cIt has long been a subject of surprise and regret, that in this extensive and intelligent community there has not hitherto existed a work that would convey to the Public, and to distant Practitioners as well as to, Students in Medicine and Surgery, reports of the Metropolitan Hospital Lectures.\u201d \u098f\u0987 \u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u201cTo Country Practitioners, whose remoteness from the head quarters, as it were, of scientific knowledge, leaves them almost without the means of ascertaining its progress \u2013 To the numerous classes of Students, whether here or in distant universities \u2013 To Colonial Practitioners \u2013 And, finally, to every individual in these realms.\u201d \u2013 \u098f\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u0997\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be \u0993 \u0985\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u0997\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u0996\u09ac\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cc\u0981\u099b\u09c7 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09be \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u098f \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u201cwe shall be assailed by much interested opposition\u201d\u0964<br \/>\n\u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09c1\u099d\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u099b\u09bf, \u0996\u09cb\u09a6 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b6 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a3\u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u099c\u0997\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6\u09b2 \u09aa\u09be\u09a5\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u09ac\u09b8\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09be \u0986\u09ad\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09af \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0990\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09cd\u09af-\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u0993 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09c0\u09a8 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a7 \u2013 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09a4 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u0997\u09a4\u09c7 \u2013 \u098f\u09b9 \u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09cd\u09af \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u09e7\u09ef\u09b6 \u09b6\u09a4\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7 \u0985\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09ab\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0995\u09c7\u09ae\u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09df \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u0987\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2\u0993 \u09aa\u09dc\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09a4\u0964 \u098f \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09cb \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u099c\u09cb\u09df\u09be\u09a8 \u09b2\u09c7\u09a8-\u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5 A Social History of Medicine \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u09a8 \u09a1\u09bf \u099c\u09c7\u0989\u09b8\u09a8-\u098f\u09b0 \u0985\u09a4\u09bf \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u201cMedical Knowledge and the Patronage System in 18th Century England\u201d \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7\u0964<br \/>\n\u098f\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u098f\u0995\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 \u099c\u09c7\u09b0\u09c7\u09ae\u09bf \u09ac\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ae \u09b8\u09b9 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09c7 \u0987\u0989\u09a8\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u099c \u0985\u09ab \u09b2\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be \u0986\u09a6\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b2\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09a8 \u0987\u0989\u09a8\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u099f\u09bf (\u09e7\u09ee\u09e8\u09ec) \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7, \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09c8\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cc\u0981\u099b\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09ae \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09c7\u099f \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09cd\u09af \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09b2\u0964 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce, \u0989\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u099a\u09b0\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u0997\u09a4\u09c7 \u099f\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09aa\u09dc\u09c7\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1 \u0989\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995-\u0989\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u098f \u09a6\u09c1\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u099d\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09be\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09af, \u0989\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0 \u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8-\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8 \u099a\u09b0\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09a0\u09be\u09ae\u09cb\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u0987 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u09b2\u09c0\u09a8 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09c0\u09a8 \u0993 \u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u0964 \u098f\u09b0\u0987 \u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b8\u09c3\u09a4 \u099a\u09c7\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09c7\u099b\u09bf \u0989\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u0964<br \/>\n\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u099d\u09c7 \u098f\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u09df\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u0981\u09b0\u09be \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09a8\u09cb \u09b2\u09be\u09a4\u09c1\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 Science in Action: How to follow scientists and engineers through society \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u099f\u09ae\u09be\u09b8 \u0995\u09c1\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0997\u09b0\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0 \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u0995 \u09aa\u09dc\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09ac\u09c7\u09a8 \u0986\u09b6\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09bf\u0964 \u098f\u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be \u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5 \u09a1\u09c7\u09ad\u09bf\u09a1 \u0986\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09b2\u09cd\u09a1-\u098f\u09b0 \u0995\u09b2\u09cb\u09a8\u09be\u0987\u099c\u09bf\u0982 \u09a6\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09a1\u09bf \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0995\u09aa\u09bf\u09b2 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b0\u09bf\u09b2\u09cb\u0995\u09c7\u099f\u09bf\u0982 \u09ae\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8 \u09aa\u09a5\u09bf\u0995\u09c3\u09ce \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c0\u09df\u0964<br \/>\n\u0989\u09aa\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09ae \u0993 \u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be \u09ac\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u0997\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09c1\u099d\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09bf \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c7\u09dc\u09c7 \u0993\u09a0\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u0989\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf \u0993 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u0964 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be \u09a4\u09cb \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09a8 \u2013 \u09a4\u09be \u09b8\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c8\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0987 \u09b9\u09cb\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u099c\u09a4\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u0964 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u098f\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u0995\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09be, \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac \u09a8\u09df\u0964<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u09a4\u09ce\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c0\u09a8 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09a4\u09be<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u09e7\u09ee\u09e7\u09eb \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u09aa\u09cb\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09af\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u099c\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b6 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09cd\u09af \u0985\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a7\u09cd\u09af \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u0989\u09a0\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09cb\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09e7\u09ee\u09e8\u09eb \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u0987 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09ac\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09cb\u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09bf \u09b9\u09df \u0987\u0982\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u0964 \u098f \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u09c7 \u09a6\u09cd\u09af \u0987\u0995\u09a8\u09cb\u09ae\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f \u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09df \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u201cThe slumps that shaped modern finance\u201d \u09aa\u09dc\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u0987\u09b8\u09cd\u099f \u0987\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be \u0995\u09cb\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u099a\u09be \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099a\u09c7\u099f\u09bf\u09df\u09be \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09ad\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u09b8\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09a4\u09be \u0997\u09ad\u09c0\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09c7 \u09aa\u09dc\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099a\u09c7\u099f\u09bf\u09df\u09be \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a7\u09a8\u09be\u09a2\u09cd\u09af \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a3\u09c0\u0995\u09c7 \u09e8 \u09ae\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09a8 \u09aa\u09be\u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1 \u0985\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af \u09a6\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09be \u099a\u09bf\u09a8 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u0995\u09ae\u09a6\u09be\u09ae\u09c7 \u099a\u09be \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09a4\u09cb\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u0987\u0982\u09b0\u09c7\u099c\u09b0\u09be \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09a4 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0998\u09cb\u09b0\u09a4\u09b0 \u201c\u099a\u09be-\u0996\u09cb\u09b0\u201d \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0964 \u098f\u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09ae\u09a6\u09be\u09ae\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09cb \u099a\u09be \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be \u0987\u0982\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b0\u09be\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u0985\u0982\u09b6 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u0997\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a3\u09c1\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be \u0997\u09c1\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u2013 \u201cEvidence based on contemporary accounts suggests that a tradesman\u2019s family in 1749 in Britain spent three shillings a week for bread and four shillings on tea and sugar. But tea was still too expensive to become common man\u2019s drink. It was only in the nineteenth century that tea became a common beverage for British households. Per capita consumption per year increased from 1.1 pounds in 1820 to 5.9 pounds in 1900 and 9.6 pounds in 1931.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1200\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2374\" srcset=\"https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula-1.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula-1-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula-1-650x650.jpg 650w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula-1-250x250.jpg 250w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula-1-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula-1-50x50.jpg 50w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula-1-100x100.jpg 100w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula-1-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula-1-350x350.jpg 350w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula-1-450x450.jpg 450w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula-1-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula-1-550x550.jpg 550w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Formula-1-800x800.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Upendra_Nath_Brahmachari.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"502\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2375\" srcset=\"https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Upendra_Nath_Brahmachari.png 350w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Upendra_Nath_Brahmachari-250x359.png 250w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Upendra_Nath_Brahmachari-150x215.png 150w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Upendra_Nath_Brahmachari-50x72.png 50w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Upendra_Nath_Brahmachari-100x143.png 100w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Upendra_Nath_Brahmachari-200x287.png 200w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Upendra_Nath_Brahmachari-300x430.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u098f\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u09b8\u09ae\u09df \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u0987 \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u09b9\u09df \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u0987\u0999\u09cd\u0997-\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09be \u09af\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 (\u09e7\u09ee\u09e8\u09ea-\u09e8\u09ec)\u0964 \u09ac\u09c7\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09b2 \u09b0\u09c7\u099c\u09bf\u09ae\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u09e7\u09eb\u09e6,\u09e6\u09e6\u09e6 \u09b8\u09c8\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0997\u09be\u09b0\u09cb \u09aa\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u09dc, \u0986\u09b8\u09be\u09ae \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ae\u09a3\u09bf\u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u099c\u09cd\u099c\u09a8\u0995 \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09c7\u09a6\u09cd\u09af \u0985\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b2\u09dc\u09be\u0987 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964 \u09b8\u09c7\u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09eb-\u09e7\u09e9 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(1854-75)\u201d-\u098f \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u2013 \u201cIt is thus evident that there was an epidemic of two diseases during the outbreak of Burdwan fever. The severe cases described by French were mostly cases of malaria (probably malignant tertian fever), while those that constituted the large majority of cases observed by Jackson were cases of Kala-azar.\u201d<br \/>\n\u09e7\u09ef\u09e8\u09ee \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 A Treatise on Kala-azar \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09cd\u09ae\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u2013 \u201c\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09be-\u0986\u099c\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u099f\u09bf \u09af\u09a6\u09bf\u0993 \u09ac\u09b9\u09c1\u09b2 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df, \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09af\u09a5\u09cb\u09aa\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a8\u09df\u0964 \u098f \u09a8\u09be\u09ae \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09df \u09af\u09c7 \u098f\u0995 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 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\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09ef\u09e6%\u0964<br \/>\n\u0989\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0 \u09aa\u09c1\u0981\u099c\u09bf \u098f\u0995 \u0997\u09ad\u09c0\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09c7 \u09aa\u09dc\u09b2\u09cb \u2013 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7 \u09a4\u09a5\u09be \u099a\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u0997\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09c1 \u0986\u099f\u0995\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09a8\u09be \u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7 \u099a\u09be \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u09a8\u09be, \u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09df \u0998\u09be\u099f\u09a4\u09bf \u09aa\u09dc\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8 \u098f\u09b2\u09cb \u2013 (\u09e7) \u098f \u09b0\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b9\u09df? \u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u0995 \u0995\u09c7? (\u09e8) \u09ae\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a7 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u09ae\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf \u0997\u09bf\u09ac\u09b8\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u201cThe Identification of Kala-azar and the Discovery of Leishmania Donovani\u201d \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u2013 \u201cIn the years following 1858, when the British government formally assumed power over the whole of British India, the government of Bengal became concerned by reports of an epidemic of quinine-resistant fever occurring in the district of Burdwan in Lower Bengal. The mortality was so great that the population, the productivity of the land, and consequently the government revenue were greatly diminished.\u201d<br \/>\n\u098f\u0995 \u0985\u09a6\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a4 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09a8 \u0998\u099f\u09b2\u09cb \u2013 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u099a\u09be\u09df \u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u0981\u099a\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09a4\u09c7, \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8 \u099a\u09be\u09df \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0\u0993 \u09af\u09c7\u09a8 \u09ae\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09c1 \u09a8\u09be \u0998\u099f\u09c7\u0964 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8 \u0993 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c0 \u09b8\u09c7 \u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u09a2\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u0989\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u09b6\u09be\u09b8\u0995\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09ab\u09b2\u099f\u09c1\u0995\u09c1\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09b8\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u099f\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0964 \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u09a8\u09df \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u201c\u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2-\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u099f-\u09aa\u09b2\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b8 \u0995\u09ae\u09aa\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u201d \u0997\u09dc\u09c7 \u0993\u09a0\u09c7\u0964 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b0\u09be\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09af\u09c2\u09aa\u0995\u09be\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09c7 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u0995 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c0\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09a8\u0964<br \/>\n\u098f\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09cb \u0989\u09a6\u09be\u09b9\u09b0\u09a3 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09e7\u09ee\u09ec\u09ed-\u09aa\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0 \u0989\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09b2\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09b8\u09c1\u09df\u09c7\u099c \u0996\u09be\u09b2 \u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09c1 \u09b9\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c0 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09b2\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u099c \u09b6\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u0995\u09cb\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u0987\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09be \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u098f\u09a4\u09c7 \u0987\u0982\u09b0\u09c7\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09df \u0998\u09be\u099f\u09a4\u09bf \u09aa\u09dc\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u098f\u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be \u09ac\u09a6\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09b9\u09b2, \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u099b\u09dc\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b9\u09cd\u09af \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0993 \u0986\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2, \u0985\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u0964 \u098f \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09c1\u09a6\u09c0\u09b0\u09cd\u0998 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b2\u09cd\u09a1\u09a8 \u0993\u09df\u09be\u099f\u09b8 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u201cFrom Rapid Change to Stasis: Official Responses to Cholera in British-Ruled India and Egypt: 1860-1921\u201d\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3\u09c7 \u2013 \u201cTo maintain general amnesia, they silenced critics at the Royal Army Medical College at Netley who knew what the score was. 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\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 (\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09c0\u09b2\u09b0\u09a4\u09a8 \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u099c) \u09af\u09c7 \u0998\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u0985\u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09be \u0986\u09df\u09a4\u09a8\u09c7 \u099c\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09be \u09b8\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u0987\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u09df \u2013 \u201cI recall with joy that memorable night in the Calcutta Campbell Hospital at Sealdah, where after a very hard day\u2019s work I found at about 10 o\u2019clock that the results of my experiments were up to my expectations. But I didn\u2019t know then that providence had put into my hands a wondrous thing and that this little thing would save the lives of millions of my fellowmen. I shall never forget that room where Urea Stibamine was discovered. The room where I had to labour for months without a gas point or a water tap and where I had to remain contented with an old kerosene lamp for my work at night. To me it will ever remain a place of pilgrimage where the first light of Urea Stibamine dawned upon my mind.\u201d \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u0995\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09a8\u09be, \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09a8\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09ce \u09b8\u0982\u09af\u09cb\u0997, \u098f\u09ae\u09a8\u0995\u09bf \u099f\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa \u0993\u09df\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09b9\u0993 \u09a8\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09a8\u09cb \u0995\u09c7\u09b0\u09cb\u09b8\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa \u099c\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2\u09be \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09a8 \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a6\u09ae\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u0995\u09be\u0999\u09cd\u0996\u09be\u09df\u0964<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Lab.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"1377\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2376\" srcset=\"https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Lab.jpeg 640w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Lab-400x861.jpeg 400w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Lab-250x538.jpeg 250w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Lab-150x323.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Lab-50x108.jpeg 50w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Lab-100x215.jpeg 100w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Lab-200x430.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Lab-300x645.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Lab-350x753.jpeg 350w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Lab-450x968.jpeg 450w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Lab-500x1076.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Lab-550x1183.jpeg 550w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Aparatus.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"179\" height=\"281\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2377\" srcset=\"https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Aparatus.jpeg 179w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Aparatus-150x235.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Aparatus-50x78.jpeg 50w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Brahmachari-Aparatus-100x157.jpeg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 179px) 100vw, 179px\" \/><br \/>\n(\u09af\u09c7 \u0998\u09b0\u09c7 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a1\u09be\u09a8\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7 \u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8 \u0987\u099e\u09cd\u099c\u09c7\u0995\u09b6\u09a8 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7\u09a8)<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0989\u09aa\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09be\u09a5 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\u09e7\u09ee\u09ef\u09e9 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b9\u09c1\u0997\u09b2\u09bf \u09ae\u09b9\u09b8\u09bf\u09a8 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u099c \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u2013 \u0985\u0982\u0995 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0995\u09c7\u09ae\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09a1\u09be\u09ac\u09b2 \u0985\u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b8, Thysetes \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09c7\u09b2 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u0964 \u098f\u09b0\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09e7\u09ee\u09ef\u09ea \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u099c \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0995\u09c7\u09ae\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f\u09ae\u098f \u09aa\u09be\u09b6, \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09ab\u09bf\u09a5 \u09ae\u09c7\u09ae\u09cb\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b2 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0987\u099c\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u0987 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u099c\u09c7 \u09ad\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u098f\u09b2\u098f\u09ae\u098f\u09b8 \u09a1\u09bf\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u09a8 \u09e7\u09ee\u09ef\u09ef \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u0964 \u09e7\u09ef\u09e6\u09e6 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u09ae\u09ac\u09bf \u09a1\u09bf\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf \u2013 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09bf \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u0997\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09ad \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09b2\u09bf\u0993\u09a1\u09b8 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09c7\u09b2 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u0964 \u09e7\u09ef\u09e6\u09e8 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u09ae\u09a1\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09df \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u09b0\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09e7\u09ef\u09e6\u09ea \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09bf\u098f\u0987\u099a\u09a1\u09bf \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09a8\u0964 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u201cStudies on Haemolysis\u201d\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09aa\u09bf\u098f\u0987\u099a\u09a1\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a5\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09a4 \u099a\u09c7\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df \u09ac\u09be\u09df\u09cb\u0995\u09c7\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09b2-\u098f \u09e7\u09ef\u09e6\u09ef \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u201cSome Observations on the Haemolysis of Blood by Hyposmotic and Hyperosmotic Solutions of Sodium Chloride\u201d \u09b6\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be\u0993 \u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u099f\u09be \u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09c1\u09b2 \u0985\u09ab \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09aa\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b2 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09a8 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1 \u09b9\u09be\u0987\u099c\u09bf\u09a8 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 Mente \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09c7\u09b2 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u09b6\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u099f\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09cb\u09b8\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u0989\u0987\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae \u099c\u09cb\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09c7\u09b2 \u09b2\u09be\u09ad \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<br \/>\n\u09aa\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09a8 \u0995\u09c7\u099f\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09b2 \u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u0964 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u09e7\u09eb\u09e6\u099f\u09bf \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u099a\u09be\u09b0, \u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09c7\u099f, \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b6 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09b2, \u09ac\u09be\u09df\u09cb\u0995\u09c7\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09b2, \u0987\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09a8 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09b2 \u0985\u09ab \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099a \u09ac\u09be \u0987\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09a8 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u0997\u09c7\u099c\u09c7\u099f-\u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09b2\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09a4\u09c7\u0964<br \/>\n\u09e7\u09ef\u09e6\u09e9 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09e9 \u09ae\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf \u0998\u099f\u09a8\u09be \u0998\u099f\u09b2\u09cb\u0964 \u09e9\u09e6 \u09ae\u09c7, \u09e7\u09ef\u09e6\u09e9-\u098f \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b6 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09b2-\u098f \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09b2 \u09b0\u09df\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u0986\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09bf \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 (\u09a8\u09c7\u099f\u09b2\u09c7) \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b8\u09b0 \u09b2\u09bf\u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u201cOn the Possibility of Occurrence of Trypanosomiasis in India\u201d\u0964 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u201c\u09a6\u09ae\u09a6\u09ae \u099c\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0\u201d \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0986\u0997\u09a4 \u098f\u0995 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b6 \u09b8\u09c8\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b2\u09c0\u09b9\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u098f\u0995\u09a7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09c0 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u201cIn July 1903, Donovan reported the finding of similar bodies from the spleen of patients suffering from prolonged fever with splenomegaly in Madras (now Chennai).\u201d \u09b0\u09cb\u09a8\u09be\u09b2\u09cd\u09a1 \u09b0\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u09a8\u09cb\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2\u099c\u09df\u09c0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09b2\u09bf\u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a1\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb\u09ad\u09be\u09a8 \u09a6\u09c1\u099c\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 \u09aa\u09b0\u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09c0\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u09ae \u09a6\u09c7\u09a8 Leishmania donovani\u0964 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09cd\u09ae\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09af\u0996\u09a8 \u09aa\u09bf\u098f\u0987\u099a\u09a1\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 \u098f\u0987 \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7\u0964 <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Donnovan-Bodies.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"160\" height=\"316\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2379\" srcset=\"https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Donnovan-Bodies.jpeg 160w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Donnovan-Bodies-150x296.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Donnovan-Bodies-50x99.jpeg 50w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Donnovan-Bodies-100x198.jpeg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u09e7\u09ef\u09e6\u09ec \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09cd\u09ae\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09c7\u09a8 \u201cOn a Contribution to the study of Fevers due to Leishman-Donovan Bodies\u201d (\u09b8\u09bf \u09aa\u09bf \u09a0\u09be\u0995\u09c1\u09b0, \u201c\u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09b0\u09bf \u0985\u09ab \u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09be-\u0986\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u201d, WHO \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4)\u0964 \u09aa\u09b0\u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09c0 \u09a4\u09cb \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09b2\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u098f\u0995\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7? \u098f \u09b9\u09b2 \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ac\u099a\u09c7\u09df\u09c7 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0964 \u09e9\u09e6 \u09ae\u09c7, \u09e7\u09ef\u09e6\u09ee, \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b6 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09b2-\u098f \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09b2 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u2013 \u201cSporadic Kala-azar in Calcutta with Notes of a Case Treated with Atoxyl\u201d\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u2013 \u201cSo far as my observattons go. no drug can kill the parasites. I have used the following drugs without success: (1) QuInine internally; (2) quinine hypodermically; (3) fluorides; (4) arsenic and some of its new preparations, such as sodil cacodylas, arrhenal, and atoxyl; in some cases arrhenal and sodil cacodylas were given hypodermically; (5) methylene blue internally; (6) methylene blue hypodermically; (7) Izal In Increasing doses; (8) cyllin in increasing doses up to half a drachm thrice a day.\u201d \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce, \u09b8\u09a0\u09bf\u0995 \u0993\u09b7\u09c1\u09a7\u099f\u09bf \u09a4\u0996\u09a8\u0993 \u0985\u09a7\u09b0\u09be\u0964 Atoxyl \u09b9\u09b2 \u09aa\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0\u09be-\u0986\u09b0\u09b8\u09c7\u09a8\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf\u0995 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a8\u09cb\u09b8\u09cb\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae \u09b8\u09b2\u09cd\u099f\u0964 \u09b8\u09bf\u09ab\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf\u09b8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09cd\u09b2\u09bf\u09aa\u09bf\u0982 \u09b8\u09bf\u0995\u09a8\u09c7\u09b8\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u0997\u09c7 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u099c\u09cd\u099c\u09a8\u0995 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u098f\u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be \u0986\u09b0\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0993\u09b7\u09c1\u09a7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6 \u09b8\u09cb\u09b0\u0997\u09cb\u09b2 \u09aa\u09dc\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u2013 \u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u09ae\u09c7\u099f\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09ae\u09a8\u09bf\u09b2 \u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae \u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u099f\u0964<br \/>\n\u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09b8\u09ac\u09ae\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ae\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4 \u09ab\u09b2\u09be\u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09cd\u09ae\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09b8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09e7\u09ef\u09e6\u09ef-\u09e7\u09e6-\u098f \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c0 \u09aa\u09b2 \u0986\u09b0\u09cd\u09b2\u09bf\u0996 \u09b8\u09bf\u09ab\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0993\u09b7\u09c1\u09a7 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b8\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be \u201c\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099c\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7\u099f\u201d \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b8\u09be\u09a8 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u0986\u09b0\u09cd\u09b8\u09c7\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09cc\u0997 \u0986\u09b0\u09cd\u09b8\u09c7\u09ab\u09c7\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8\u0964 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b8\u09be\u09a8 \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u0995\u09c7\u09ae\u09cb\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0\u09aa\u09bf\u09b0 \u09af\u09c1\u0997 \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u09b9\u09b2\u0964<br \/>\n\u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09c1 \u09af\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf \u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09be \u099c\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 \u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u09c0\u09a4 \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u099f\u09be\u09a4\u09c7\u0987 \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09a4 \u09b8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be, \u09ad\u09b0\u09b8\u09be\u0993 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09e7\u09ef\u09e7\u09e9 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u0995 \u0997\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09be\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09df\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u09ae\u09c7\u099f\u09bf\u0995 (\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09ae\u09a8\u09bf\u09b2 \u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae \u09b8\u09b2\u09cd\u099f) \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u099a\u09c7\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09e7\u09ef\u09e7\u09eb \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09a8\u09be \u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u09ae\u09c7\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ab\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u0998\u09cb\u09b7\u09a3\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09df \u09b2\u09bf\u0993\u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1 \u09b0\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b8\u0993 (\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09c1\u09b2 \u0985\u09ab \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09aa\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09a8 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1 \u09b9\u09be\u0987\u099c\u09bf\u09a8-\u098f\u09b0 \u09a4\u09ce\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c0\u09a8 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09ae\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09be) \u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u09ae\u09c7\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ab\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u09c0 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u0995\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u09b6\u09c0\u0998\u09cd\u09b0\u0987 \u09ac\u09c1\u099d\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u09ae\u09c7\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c0\u09b0\u09cd\u0998\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c0\u09a8 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u09b8\u09ac \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995 \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09cd\u09ae\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u0993 \u09b8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u098f\u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be\u0993 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u09b8\u09cb\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae \u09b8\u09b2\u09cd\u099f \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df \u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u0993 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995 \u09af\u09a5\u09c7\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u0964<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09a8 \u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Urea-Stibamine-Formula.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"225\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2380\" srcset=\"https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Urea-Stibamine-Formula.png 225w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Urea-Stibamine-Formula-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Urea-Stibamine-Formula-50x50.png 50w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Urea-Stibamine-Formula-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Urea-Stibamine-Formula-200x200.png 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09cd\u09ae\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a5\u09be\u09df \u0986\u09b8\u09c7 \u0986\u09b0\u09cd\u09b8\u09c7\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09ae\u09a8\u09bf \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c0\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u0987 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09aa\u09c7 \u09b0\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0993 \u09ac\u09be\u09df\u09cb\u09b2\u099c\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u099a\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u09ae\u09bf\u09b2 \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u098f\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09ae\u09a8\u09bf \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u0989\u09a1\u09be\u09b0 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7, \u09aa\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0\u09a4\u09c7 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09ae\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09b2\u09df\u09a1\u09bf\u09df (colloidal) \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09b8\u09ab\u09b2 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09b2 \u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09c7\u099f \u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09df (\u0985\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cb\u09ac\u09b0 \u09e8\u09e7, \u09e7\u09ef\u09e7\u09ec) \u201cThe Preparation of Stable Colloidal Antimony\u201d \u09b6\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u2013 \u201cThe remarkable trypanocidal properties possessed by antimony, its specific action against the Leishmania, and the fact that in the colloids generally the ratio dosis curativa : dosis tolerata is very low, make it desirable to prepare a stable solution of colloidal antimony.\u201d \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u2013 \u201cThe colloid obtained in this way seems to be a very stable substance, and in this respect differs from the Svedberg\u2019s colloid. The therapeutic use of the colloidal metallic antimony has already been described n the Indian Medical Gazette (May, 1916) Further observations on the use of this drug in the same disease have shown similar beneficial results.\u201d \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09ac\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u099f\u09bf \u0996\u09c7\u09df\u09be\u09b2 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c1\u099d\u09ac\u09cb \u09af\u09c7 \u0986\u099c\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09c1\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ab\u09c7\u099c \u09e7 \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u099b\u09be\u09df\u09be \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09df \u09a7\u09b0\u09be \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09e7\u09ef\u09e7\u09ef \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u0987\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09a8 \u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099a \u09ab\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1 \u0986\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u0995 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u09aa\u09c7\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<br \/>\n\u098f\u09b0\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09b2 \u0987\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09a8 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09b2 \u0985\u09ab \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099a-\u098f \u09e7\u09ef\u09e8\u09e8 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u201cChemotherapy of Antominal Compounds in Kala-azar Infection\u201d \u09b6\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b2\u09ac\u09cd\u09a7 \u09ab\u09b2\u09be\u09ab\u09b2 \u09a8\u09bf\u0996\u09c1\u0981\u09a4\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b2\u09bf\u09aa\u09bf\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8 (carbostibamide) \u09b8\u09ac\u099a\u09c7\u09df\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09b0\u09c0, \u09ab\u09b2\u09a6\u09be\u09df\u0995 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0995\u09ae \u09b8\u09ae\u09df \u09b2\u09be\u0997\u09c7 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09e7\u09ef\u09ee\u09ec \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ab\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf\u09aa \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b8\u09a1\u09c7\u09a8 \u201cThe Discovery of Urea Stibamine\u201d (\u098f\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b2-\u099c\u09c1\u09a8, \u09e7\u09ef\u09ee\u09ec) \u09b6\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09b8\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09cd\u09ae\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u0995\u09c7 \u099a\u09c1\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u0995\u09c7 \u09a7\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7 \u2013 \u201cHe first synthesised several new inorganic antimonials and achieved some treatment success with colloidal metallic antimony which was taken up by the reticulo endothelial system. Dissatisfied with these results however he tumed his attention to organic aromatic antimonials inspired by the idea that an antimonial having a constitution similar to atoxyl (which was found by Ehrlich to be effective in sleeping sickness) might prove useful in kala azar. In 1919 supported by the Indian research fund he prepared P-Stibanilic Acid and various salts. In 1920 by heating Stibanilic Acid with urea he produced the first organic antimonial to achieve wide acceptance as a treatment for human leishmaniasis namely urea stibamine. The reason for this choice was that urea in combination with certain drugs reduces the pain on injection. Both Brahmachari and Shortt of the Indian Medicai Service found this drug to be extremely effective and safe in the treatment of kala azar.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Leishmaniasis.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"544\" height=\"361\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2381\" srcset=\"https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Leishmaniasis.jpeg 544w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Leishmaniasis-400x265.jpeg 400w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Leishmaniasis-250x166.jpeg 250w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Leishmaniasis-150x100.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Leishmaniasis-50x33.jpeg 50w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Leishmaniasis-100x66.jpeg 100w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Leishmaniasis-200x133.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Leishmaniasis-300x199.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Leishmaniasis-350x232.jpeg 350w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Leishmaniasis-450x299.jpeg 450w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Leishmaniasis-500x332.jpeg 500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 544px) 100vw, 544px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Kala-Azar-Cachexia.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"763\" height=\"1574\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2382\" srcset=\"https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Kala-Azar-Cachexia.jpg 763w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Kala-Azar-Cachexia-400x825.jpg 400w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Kala-Azar-Cachexia-650x1341.jpg 650w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Kala-Azar-Cachexia-250x516.jpg 250w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Kala-Azar-Cachexia-745x1536.jpg 745w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Kala-Azar-Cachexia-150x309.jpg 150w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Kala-Azar-Cachexia-50x103.jpg 50w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Kala-Azar-Cachexia-100x206.jpg 100w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Kala-Azar-Cachexia-200x413.jpg 200w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Kala-Azar-Cachexia-300x619.jpg 300w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Kala-Azar-Cachexia-350x722.jpg 350w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Kala-Azar-Cachexia-450x928.jpg 450w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Kala-Azar-Cachexia-500x1031.jpg 500w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Kala-Azar-Cachexia-550x1135.jpg 550w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 763px) 100vw, 763px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>(\u09ac\u09be\u0981 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7, \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u0997\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09be \u099c\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c0\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09ae\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09b2\u0964 \u09a1\u09be\u09a8\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7, \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u09c7\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b6\u09c0\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09a6\u09b6\u09be &#8211; cachexia)<br \/>\n\u098f\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u0987 \u0993\u09b7\u09c1\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u0997 \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u09b9\u09b2 \u0986\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7 \u2013 \u099a\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u0997\u09be\u09a8\u09c7, \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09c7-\u0997\u099e\u09cd\u099c\u09c7, \u09b2\u09cb\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09df\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u0964 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b6 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09b2-\u098f (\u09ea \u09ae\u09c7, \u09e7\u09ef\u09e8\u09ef) \u201cPreventive Medicine in Assam\u201d \u09b6\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09a6\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09b2 \u2013 \u201cIn June, 1927, universal or mass treatment of all kalaazar patients with urea stibamine was inistituted consequient on a marked reduction having been effected in the cost of this preparation; previouisly only 10 per cent. of the patients had been so treated, the remainder having received the less effective sodiumin antimony tartrate. The change of treatment resulted at once in a most gratifying increase of cures and a more regular attendance of patients at treatinent centres.\u201d \u09e7\u09ef\u09e9\u09e8 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09bf \u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09be-\u099c\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0 \u0995\u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a1\u09bf\u09b0\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09b0 \u098f\u0987\u099a \u0987 \u09b6\u09b0\u09cd\u099f \u09ac\u09b2\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u2013 \u201cWe found Urea Stibamine an eminently safe and reliable drug and in seven years we treated some thousands of cases of Kala-azar and saw thousands more treated in treatment centers. The acute fulminating type characteristic of the peak period of an epidemic responds to treatment extraordinarily promptly and with an almost dramatic cessation of fever, diminution in the size of spleen and return to normal condition of health.\u201d \u098f\u09b0\u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09a5\u09be\u09df \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u0997\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ae\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u09ef\u09e6% \u099b\u09bf\u09b2, \u098f \u0993\u09b7\u09c1\u09a7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09a6\u09b2\u09c7 \u0997\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c1\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u09ef\u09e6% \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u0986\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ae\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09ae\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09be \u09a8\u09c0\u099a\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ab \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Kala-Azar-Graph.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"525\" height=\"584\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2383\" srcset=\"https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Kala-Azar-Graph.jpeg 525w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Kala-Azar-Graph-400x445.jpeg 400w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Kala-Azar-Graph-250x278.jpeg 250w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Kala-Azar-Graph-150x167.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Kala-Azar-Graph-50x56.jpeg 50w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Kala-Azar-Graph-100x111.jpeg 100w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Kala-Azar-Graph-200x222.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Kala-Azar-Graph-300x334.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Kala-Azar-Graph-350x389.jpeg 350w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Kala-Azar-Graph-450x501.jpeg 450w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Kala-Azar-Graph-500x556.jpeg 500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 525px) 100vw, 525px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0993\u09b7\u09c1\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c7\u099f\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u09a3\u09a8<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09df\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 (\u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09a4 \u09b8\u09c7\u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac, \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099a\u09c0\u09a8 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7) \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c7\u099f\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f \u09a8\u09c7\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u0995 \u0985\u09a6\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a4 \u0994\u09a6\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964 \u099c\u0997\u09a6\u09c0\u09b6 \u09ac\u09b8\u09c1 \u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u099c\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u0989\u09a6\u09be\u09b9\u09b0\u09a3\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 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\u09ac\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 (\u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09cd\u09ae\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c1\u09b2\u09be \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09af\u09be\u09df\u09c0 \u09a8\u09df) \u09ac\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09cb\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u0987\u0989\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09a8 \u09a1\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0997 \u0995\u09cb\u0982\u0964 \u09b9\u09be\u0987 \u0995\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u099f \u0985\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf \u09ae\u09be\u09ae\u09b2\u09be \u0997\u09dc\u09be\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09a3 \u0987\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09a8 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u0997\u09c7\u099c\u09c7\u099f-\u098f (\u099c\u09c1\u09a8, \u09e7\u09ef\u09e7\u09ec) \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df \u201cUrea Stibamine\u201d \u09b6\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u0964 \u098f \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09a6\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u2013 \u201che gave the process of manufacturing to the world, but reserved the name \u2018Urea Stibamine\u2019 as a fancy or trade designation, for his own private manufacture and share of the drug.\u201d \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u0987 \u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09cb-\u0986\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be\u09a3\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09df\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u0964 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u0985\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf \u09b9\u09be\u0987 \u0995\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09aa\u09a4\u09bf \u09b8\u09bf \u09b8\u09bf \u0998\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b0\u09be\u09df\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09cd\u09ae\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u0964 \u09ac\u09be\u09a5\u0997\u09c7\u099f \u0995\u09cb\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u09a8 \u0993\u09b7\u09c1\u09a7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0964<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Urea-Stibamine-Bathgate-Company.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"320\" height=\"320\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2384\" srcset=\"https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Urea-Stibamine-Bathgate-Company.jpg 320w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Urea-Stibamine-Bathgate-Company-250x250.jpg 250w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Urea-Stibamine-Bathgate-Company-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Urea-Stibamine-Bathgate-Company-50x50.jpg 50w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Urea-Stibamine-Bathgate-Company-100x100.jpg 100w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Urea-Stibamine-Bathgate-Company-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/abahaman.com\/abahaman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Urea-Stibamine-Bathgate-Company-300x300.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u0986\u09b0\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09af\u0964 \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 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\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09a8\u09bf\u0964<br \/>\n\u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09a6\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u099c\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0, \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0\u09be, \u09b8\u09cd\u09ae\u09b2 \u09aa\u0995\u09cd\u09b8 \u0987\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a6\u09bf \u098f\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0 \u098f\u0995 \u09ae\u09b9\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09cb\u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09bf \u09b9\u0993\u09df\u09be \u0989\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u09b2\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u09a5\u09bf\u0993\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u099d\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b8\u09b0\u09a3 \u0998\u099f\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u2013 \u0989\u09ad\u09df\u09a4\u0964 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ae\u09cb\u09a6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7\u0987 \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09ac\u09c8\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u0997\u09a3\u09cd\u09af \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u0987 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a7 \u09ac\u09c7\u0981\u09a7\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09b0\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09cd\u09ae\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0\u0964 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u0989\u09df\u09c7\u09b2 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 Romanticism and Colonial Disease \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u2013 \u201cThere was a mutual refraction of colonial and metropolitan medical theory. The framing of \u201ctropical disease\u201d was thus not easily separated from the framing of the diseases of the urban poor\u201d\u0964 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce, \u0989\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a7\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u201c\u0985\u09aa\u09b0\u201d \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u201c\u0986\u09aa\u09a6\u201d \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09b9\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09b0\u09c0\u09ac\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u201c\u0985\u09aa\u09b0\u201d \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u099d\u09c7 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09a4\u09bf \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964<br \/>\n\u09af\u09be\u09b9\u09cb\u0995, \u09a8\u09c7\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 (\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0 \u09e7\u09ec, \u09e7\u09ef\u09e9\u09ef) \u09b2\u09bf\u0993\u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1 \u09b0\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 (\u09af\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09ab\u09c7\u09b2\u09cb \u0985\u09ab \u09b0\u09df\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u09b8\u09cb\u09b8\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09bf \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8) \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09b2 \u201cThe Antimony Treatment of Kala-azar\u201d \u09b6\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u0964 \u098f \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09a6\u09a8\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u09a4\u09a5\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u099d\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u099b\u09c1\u0981\u09df\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09b9\u09b2 \u09af\u09c7 \u201cThe first of these was introduced (and patented) by Dr. U. N. Brahmanchari in Calcutta in 1921, under the name of urea stibamine. This proved less toxic and more effective, and it enabled more than 90 per cent of cases to be cured by intravenous injections within a few days\u201d\u0964 \u0986\u099c\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09a1\u09c7\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09be\u09df \u098f\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09df relativization \u2013 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce, \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09df\u09c7 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u0995\u09c7 \u09b2\u0998\u09c1 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be\u0964 \u098f \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09a6\u09a8\u09c7\u0987 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u2013 \u201caccording to Napier, who in 1925 found a course of stibosan to cost \u00a32 5s. and one of urea stibamine \u00a33 \u2013 a prohibitive sum for poor villagers in India.\u201d \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b9\u09df \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09ad\u09bf\u09b8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf \u09ad\u09c1\u09b2 \u09ac\u09be \u09ae\u09bf\u09a5\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09a4\u09a5\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u0995 \u09ae\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a7\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09b0\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b8 \u2013 (\u09e7) \u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8\u0995\u09c7 \u201c\u09aa\u09c7\u099f\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09a1\u201d \u09ac\u09b2\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8, \u09af\u09be \u0995\u0996\u09a8\u0987 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09a8\u09be, \u098f\u09ac\u0982 (\u09e8) \u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u09a1\u09cb\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u0996\u09b0\u099a \u09b8\u09c7\u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09e9 \u09aa\u09be\u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<br \/>\n\u098f\u09b0\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u099a\u09be\u09b0-\u098f (\u098f\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b2 \u09ec, \u09e7\u09ef\u09ea\u09e6) \u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09a4\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u099b\u09cb\u099f \u09b0\u09bf\u09aa\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u099f \u201cAntomny Treatment of Kala-azar\u201d \u09b6\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u0964 \u09b8\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09b2 \u09b9\u09b2 \u201cHe (Brahmachari) states that, contrary to Sir Leonard Rogers\u2019 statement, urea stibamine was not patented.\u201d \u0986\u09b0\u0993 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09b2 \u2013 \u201cSir Leonard Rogers stated in his article that a course of treatment with urea stibamine cost \u00a33 in 1925.\u201d \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u201cSir Upendranath states that urea stibamine is now supplied by the Government at Rs. 1 per gram, and since 1\u00b75 gm. is sufficient for complete cure, the total cost of the drug to-day is now Rs. 1. 8 (about 2s. 3d.).\u201d \u09a8\u09c7\u099a\u09be\u09b0-\u098f\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u0982\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09b2 \u2013 \u201cYet this cost is still relatively high for a country in\u00b7 which the great majority of the population live dangerously near the starvation line, and there is still room for a rapidly effective and really cheap remedy for kalaazar.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09ac\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u099f\u09bf \u0996\u09c7\u09df\u09be\u09b2 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c1\u099d\u09ac\u09cb \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7 \u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7 \u09aa\u09be\u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1 \u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09cb\u0997\u09be\u09a8\u09a6\u09be\u09b0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u0987 \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c7 \u0989\u099c\u09be\u09dc \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7\u0993 \u09b0\u09be\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09b2\u09bf\u0995 \u09b9\u09c7\u09b2\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae \u0989\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u098f\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a3\u0998\u09be\u09a4\u09c0 \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09be\u09df \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c0\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09b0\u0964 \u0986\u099c\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u099c\u09a8\u09c0\u09a8 \u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u0995\u09b0\u09a3 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b2\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf \u09aa\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c1\u09a4\u09be \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf \u09b8\u09c7\u09a6\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u099b\u09be\u09df\u09be \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09bf?<br \/>\n\u09a8\u09c7\u099a\u09be\u09b0-\u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u0986\u0997\u09c7 \u09a1\u09ac\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09c1 \u098f\u0987\u099a \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u099c\u09c7 \u09a1\u09ac\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09c1 \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09ad\u09be\u09a8-\u098f\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09c0\u09b0\u09cd\u0998 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df Transactions of the Tropical Medicine and Hygiene-\u098f (\u09e7\u09eb \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cb\u09ac\u09b0, \u09e7\u09ef\u09e9\u09e7)\u0964 \u09b8\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09cd\u09ae\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u2013 \u201cThe first of them to achieve clinical success in India was \u201curea stibamine,\u201d prepared by BRAHMACHARI (1922) by the action of urea upon para-aminophenylstibinic acid (stibanilic acid). Its nature, however, was the subject of controversy.\u201d \u0993\u09b7\u09c1\u09a7\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c7\u099f\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f \u09a8\u09be \u09a8\u09c7\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09af\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u0987\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7\u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u0985\u09a4\u09bf \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09b0\u09c0 \u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u0986\u09a8\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u099c\u09a8 \u09ad\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09b2\u09cb\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09cd\u09ae\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u098f\u09b0 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a8\u09c7\u099a\u09be\u09b0-\u098f (\u099c\u09c1\u09a8 \u09e8\u09ef, \u09e7\u09ef\u09ea\u09e6)\u0964 \u09b8\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u2013 \u201cthe divergent results obtained by different investigators were due to the fact that various manufacturers put on the market so-called urea stibamine which did not conform to my specifications\u201d (\u201cChemistry of Urea Stibamine\u201d)\u0964<br \/>\n\u0993\u09b7\u09c1\u09a7\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c7\u099f\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f \u09a8\u09be \u09a8\u09c7\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0993\u09b7\u09c1\u09a7\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09b0 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u0964 \u098f\u0996\u09a8 \u0986\u09b0 \u098f \u0993\u09b7\u09c1\u09a7 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u09b9\u09df\u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u0993\u09b7\u09c1\u09a7 \u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09be\u09b2\u09cb \u09a8\u09be \u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0997\u09c7\u09b2 \u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u0997\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0985\u09a8\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b6\u09be\u0996\u09be\u0993\u0964 \u0985\u09a5\u099a \u098f\u0996\u09a8\u0993 \u09e8\u09e6\u09e7\u09ed \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09af\u09be\u09df\u09c0 \u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u099c\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0 \u201cneglected tropical diseases\u201d-\u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09e8\u09df \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a3\u0998\u09be\u09a4\u09c0 \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u0964 \u09ed\u09e6\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09e8 \u0995\u09cb\u099f\u09bf \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7 \u098f \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c7 \u0986\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u0964 \u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09c7\u099f-\u098f \u09e8\u09e6\u09e7\u09ee \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09a6\u09a8 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u09af\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7 \u2013 \u201cAn estimated 0\u00b77\u20131 million new cases of leishmaniasis per year are reported from nearly 100 endemic countries.\u201d (\u201cLeishmaniasis\u201d, \u0986\u0997\u09b8\u09cd\u099f \u09e7\u09ed, \u09e8\u09e6\u09e7\u09ee) PLoS Tropical Neglected Disease-\u098f \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u09af\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u09ef\u09ee\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09e9\u09eb \u0995\u09cb\u099f\u09bf \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7 \u098f \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c7 \u0986\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u099d\u09c1\u0981\u0995\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u0964 (\u201cPrevalence of Leishmania infection in three communities of Oti Region, Ghana\u201d, \u09e8\u09ed \u09ae\u09c7, \u09e8\u09e6\u09e8\u09e7) \u0986\u09b0\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b0\u09bf\u09aa\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u099f \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u09af\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u09ed\u09e6,\u09e6\u09e6\u09e6 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u099b\u09b0 \u098f \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c7 \u0986\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u09ac\u09c7\u09a6\u09a8\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09c1\u09b0 \u09a8\u09cb\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2 \u0995\u09be\u09b9\u09bf\u09a8\u09c0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u09e7\u09ef\u09e8\u09ef \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a8\u09cb\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8 \u09aa\u09c7\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09cd\u09ae\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u0964 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